Steve Johnston wants to save time. And though he never met them, Elizabeth and Jim Bains are going to help.

Johnston knows that while silicon has long played a dominant role in industry, quantum materials will shape technology’s future. The challenge is that these atomic-scale materials are hardly straightforward. Like any good mystery, they come with intricacies, entanglements, and surprises that require case-by-case study. A theorist working in condensed matter physics, Johnston and his research group are developing a library of codes to simplify those investigations. Now, as the Elizabeth M. Bains and James A. Bains Professor of Physics and Astronomy, he’ll have resources to build that library faster.

Tennessee SmoQy Codes

While Johnston’s appointment as the Bains Professor began February 1, he first joined the physics faculty in 2014 as an assistant professor. He’s been busy ever since. He directs the department’s graduate program and teaches graduate-level courses. He’s won a National Science Foundation CAREER Award, secured funding to design quantum materials, and played a role in UT’s successful proposal for the NSF-funded Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing (CAMM). His work with Chancellor’s Professor Hanno Weitering on chiral superconductivity made the cover of Nature Physics.

Now, with a professorship supported by an endowed bequest from Elizabeth and Jim Bains, he’ll have additional funding to work in areas beyond the confined focus of funding agencies.

“What I’m really looking forward to is using (this support) for exploratory work,” Johnston said. “If I’m interested in pursuing some new line of research, this gives me a little bit of flexibility to do that. My group is investing a lot of time and effort in developing some open source software and, at least for this first year, I’m planning on using (funding) to shore up that effort.”

The heart of this effort is the SmoQy Suite, a collection of codes to help map the quantum landscape.

Scientists confront a host of challenges in defining the properties of quantum materials, one of the first steps in figuring out how and where they’ll be useful. The problem is that the quantum world doesn’t abide by the laws and equations that physicists have spent generations refining. Among the trickier issues is the many-body problem. In microscopic systems, how particles interact is much more complex than in macroscopic environments. And the more particles you have (especially electrons), the more unwieldy the situation becomes. So as researchers developed new quantum materials, physicists were spending more and more time calculating their properties.

“We used to do things (where) our codes were written to simulate one-off models,” Johnston said. “Whenever a new material comes out, we figure out what model it actually needs, then we have to re-write that code for that model. It’s very reactive.”

The SmoQy codes are a much more proactive approach.

“You build the tools upfront and that way when new discoveries come along we’re able to jump on them immediately and do more right away,” Johnston explained. “It’s also an attempt to make a version-control record of these things.”

His postdoc, Benjamin Cohen-Stead, is the lead developer on SmoQy. The Bains Professorship will allow Johnston to support him as he continues to develop resources and make them available to other scientists working in quantum materials.

“He invested a lot of time building a very versatile code and a bunch of frameworks that we can now use to build other codes,” Johnston said.

In true It Takes a Volunteer fashion, he added the group “would like to get some of the many-body methods that we’re using to a stage where anyone can download and use them. We’re trying to really highlight this as a good tool for the community. We’ve also begun to go after new funding to further expand these codes.”

If you’re wondering how the name SmoQy came about, there’s a Volunteer connection there too.

“We wanted something that was in line with the Tennessee spirit,” Johnston said.

They chose to feature the Smoky Mountains, but with a q to highlight the quantum many-body problem. Johnston explained that SmoQy is actually a play on another many-body software package called ALPS (Algorithms and Libraries for Physics Simulations).

“All many-body codes appear to have to be named after mountain ranges, so we decided to stick with that,” he said.

(Johnston noted that he’s also gotten quite a few emails from people asking him about Smokey, UT’s beloved mascot.)

Johnston’s group is spearheading the SmoQy effort, but he said eventually he’d like to involve more students and partner with UT’s Min H. Kao Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on code development. He’s already working with Physics Professor and Department Head Adrian Del Maestro (who holds a joint appointment with that department) to add codes to the SmoQy library.

“Professor Johnston has an incredible impact across the teaching, research, and service mission of the department,” Del Maestro said. “As the Elizabeth M. Bains and James A. Bains Professor of Physics and Astronomy, I look forward to his transformative contributions to quantum materials research that will help shape future technologies for Tennesseans and beyond.”

These opportunities to expand the department’s quantum materials portfolio are possible because of a young couple who met five decades ago not far from Johnston’s office in the Nielsen Physics Building.

When Liz Met Jim

When Elizabeth (Liz) Miller enrolled in the master’s program in the mid-1960s her primary interests were atomic and nuclear physics. She changed her life—and many others’—when she decided to pursue ultrasonics instead. That’s where she got serious with fellow graduate student Jim Bains. The couple married and earned PhDs before settling in Texas to pursue their careers. When Liz and Jim passed away (in 2015 and 2020, respectively), they left the physics department its largest-ever gift.

In the fall of 2022 that bequest funded the first Bains Graduate Fellowship, which helped Shruti Agarwal get an early start on research. Now the Bains Professorship will help Johnston accelerate quantum materials research and in turn help the broader materials community.

“I’m very appreciative to the college and the department for giving me this,” he said. “As we’re trying to look at all kinds of new materials, we want our codes to respond to those materials. It’s not just about the problems I care about solving but also the problems that other people care about solving.”

With the new appointment Johnston becomes the third faculty member to hold a named professorship, alongside Cristian Batista (Lincoln Chair Professor) and Anthony Mezzacappa (Newton W. and Wilma C. Thomas Endowed Chair).

Elbio Dagotto is a condensed matter theorist who hears “football” and automatically thinks “soccer.” Now he’s a Southeastern Conference champion, not for football (American or otherwise), but for his outstanding work as a professor.

Since 2012 the SEC has acknowledged one exceptional faculty member from each member university to celebrate their success in teaching, research, and service. Dagotto, a distinguished professor of physics and a distinguished scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is this year’s University of Tennessee, Knoxville, recipient of the SEC Faculty Achievement Award. He will be among the 14 professors considered for the 2024 SEC Professor of the Year honor, to be announced later in the spring.

“I am deeply honored to be selected among so many distinguished faculty to represent the University of Tennessee for the SEC academic award,” Dagotto said. “I am proud to be a Volunteer, proud to be a faculty member of the department of physics and our wonderful university at large, proud of my state of Tennessee, and proud to live in the South of the USA.”

As Adrian Del Maestro, professor and department head, remarked, “Professor Dagotto represents all the best qualities of a university professor and member of the SEC community where ‘it just means more.’ He is a dedicated teacher, beloved by his students, and he is internationally recognized for his fundamental research on how materials can be coaxed to exhibit astounding and useful quantum phenomena that enable the modern technologies we use every day.”

Dagotto joined the faculty in 2004, bringing with him a research program dedicated to understanding strongly correlated electrons: the effects when the properties of one individual electron depend strongly on what the rest of the ensemble of many other electrons is doing. These interactions can be especially difficult to calculate, and untangling them is Dagotto’s specialty. The findings are particularly useful to figure out quantum systems, where the parameters may include only a few atoms and traditional laws of physics don’t apply. In terms of devices and applications, quantum science will take over where silicon meets its limits, and Dagotto’s work is important for exploring this new frontier. He lends his expertise to UT’s research cluster on Quantum Materials for Future Technologies, as well as ORNL’s Materials Science and Technology Division.

“In my 20 years here, I have witnessed the steep positive trajectory of our academic efforts in many fields of research,” he said. “Everybody in the national and international scientific community now knows that ‘something big is brewing’ in East Tennessee, in conjunction with our partner institution, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.”

The SEC award is one of many on Dagotto’s long list of honors. In 2022 he won the American Physical Society’s Adler Award in Materials Physics for his pioneering work on the theoretical framework of correlated electron systems and his gift for describing their importance through elegant written and oral communications. (His top five publications have been cited more than 11,000 times, and in 2004 he was listed among the 250 most highly-cited physicists.) A Fellow of both the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, he has written or edited numerous works on condensed matter physics principles, properties, and potential applications; including books, journals, and invited review articles.

Dagotto shares his knowledge in the classroom and has impressed students with his teaching ability, especially in the introductory quantum mechanics course for undergraduates. Last spring he won the UT Society of Physics Students Teacher of the Year Award for the third time in five years (2019, 2021, 2023). At the 2023 Academic Honors Banquet UT recognized Dagotto’s university contributions with the Alexander Prize. Named for former UT president and Tennessee senator Lamar Alexander and his wife, Honey, the award honors a faculty member who is “an exceptional undergraduate teacher whose scholarship is also distinguished.”

A native of Argentina who earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in physics at the Instituto Balseiro in Bariloche, Dagotto’s service extends beyond research and teaching. Along with Professor Adriana Moreo, he helps organize campus lunches for Hispanic physicists at all levels so they feel welcome both in the department and in the field. They also like to discuss what Dagotto good-naturedly calls “real football” (meaning soccer). And he’s pleased with the evolving perception that the SEC no longer means just sports.

“The SEC is slowly but surely transforming from an athletic conference to a broader powerhouse that certainly includes the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) arena,” he said. “Our future is bright, and I am happy to have contributed to these developments.”

They couldn’t hide forever.

With combined expertise and sophisticated tools, scientists like UT’s Alan Tennant and Cristian Batista are revealing even the most well-concealed secrets of quantum materials.

Professors Tennant and Batista are part of the scientific team that confirmed the presence of quantum spin liquid (QSL) behavior in a new material: KYbSe₂. QSLs are an elusive state of matter with a promising role to play in next-generation quantum information technologies. They’re also notoriously hard to find.

So what, exactly, is a QSL? It’s a bit of a magnetic outlier. Typical magnetic materials like iron or nickel arrange their magnetic moments (the source of their magnetic fields) in an ordered pattern. Things are messier and a bit more free-flowing in QSLs (hence “liquid” in the name). Here, magnetic moments exist in a highly entangled, fluctuating state. To complicate the picture, QSLs also come with exotic quasiparticles, which aren’t actually particles but instead are the collective behavior of particles in close quarters. All this makes it extraordinarily difficult to locate a QSL state in a material.

Tennant and Batista were joined by a collaboration of scientists from national laboratories, universities, and institutes to track down a QSL by taking the road less traveled. Many studies go searching for these exotic states by looking for what’s not there: missing magnetic order, for example. They decided instead to look for what they call “positive evidence”—a highly-entangled state or exotic quasiparticles. They found both in a material comprising potassium, ytterbium, and selenium by using powerful neutron science facilities at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and combined theorical, experimental, and computational resources. The findings were published in Nature Physics.

The teamwork approach to solving problems is nothing out of the ordinary for Tennant and Batista, both of whom are part of UT’s research cluster on Quantum Materials for Future Technologies, the Shull Wollan Center, and the Quantum Science Center (which is one of five US National Quantum Information Science Centers run by the Department of Energy). Each of these initiatives pools resources to solve complex problems and draws on the unique convergence of scientific talent and tools in East Tennessee.

As Tennant pointed out, “Quantum problems like these are too hard for individual researchers to solve alone. The combination of the best research facilities with forefront researchers is vital and East Tennessee is starting to be recognized as a leader for this kind of team science.”